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    "result": {"data":{"platform":{"post":{"id":"6a32280fb9e40981fca36763","name":"Material Movement - Haulage Electrification","slug":"material-movement-haulage-electrification","typeLabel":"Pulse: Innovation Briefing","badge":null,"path":"/posts/material-movement-haulage-electrification","updated":"2026-06-19T04:24:34.51","__typename":"Platform_Post","_schema":{"label":"Post","pluralLabel":"Posts"},"title":null,"pretitle":null,"subtitle":null,"published":"2026-06-15T00:00:00.00","content":{"plain":"Introduction\nMaterial movement is at the heart of every mine, and often its single largest source of emissions. Diesel-burning haul fleets typically account for a substantial share of an open-cut mine's Scope 1 emissions: the ICMM puts diesel-powered mining vehicles at anywhere from 30 to 80 percent of direct emissions at a mine site depending on geography and commodity, with haul trucks alone typically driving 30 to 50 percent.1 2 Haulage is therefore where decarbonisation and cost discipline converge most forcefully. While electricity to run a battery-electric truck is estimated at around one-third the cost of equivalent diesel, that operating advantage is unlocked only through significant upfront capital: new fleets, charging infrastructure and grid connections.3\nFor most of the past decade, electrified heavy haulage lived in the world of prototypes and proving grounds. That era is closing. In December 2025 the first Caterpillar 793 XE battery-electric “Early Learner” trucks arrived at BHP's Jimblebar iron ore mine in the Pilbara for onsite testing in an industry first collaboration with Rio Tinto and Caterpillar.4 Fortescue commenced on-site validation of its 240-tonne Liebherr T 264 battery-electric truck integrated with a Fortescue Zero power system and a 6 MW fast charger across the same period.5 Rio Tinto launched its first surface battery-swap trial fleet at the Oyu Tolgoi copper mine in October 2025.6 The technology has, in short, moved beyond the laboratory.\nThe market reflects this transition's measured but unmistakable momentum. The broader mining truck market is valued at roughly US$31-33 billion in 2025-26 and is forecast to grow at around 6 percent annually toward US$42 billion by 2030.7 Diesel still commands the overwhelming majority of demand, about 71 percent in 2025, but battery-electric platforms are a fast-growing segment, posting double-digit compound growth, and 2025 saw electric haul-truck deployments (across construction, mining and agriculture) expand by an estimated 37 percent year-on-year.8 9 This is a slow-burn structural shift, not a sudden displacement.\nWhat makes haulage electrification strategically distinct is that the hardest problems are no longer in the truck. Battery chemistry, electric drivetrains and OEM platforms have matured. The binding constraints have migrated to the “system”: how to keep a truck productive across a duty cycle, how to deliver megawatts of charging without queuing, how to source the renewable energy and grid capacity behind it, how to time fleet renewal against asset lives measured in decades, and how policy either accelerates or stalls the business case. Navigating these requires coordinated action across miners, OEMs, METS innovators, energy providers, government and research - and an honest reckoning with which pathways are real today versus aspirational.\nHaulage electrification at a glance\nTechnology readiness across innovation horizons: battery-electric and trolley solutions lead near-term deployment, dynamic charging and autonomy define the medium term, while advanced chemistries and continuous-haulage concepts remain emerging.\n\n\n\nHorizon\nLeading technologies\nRepresentative players\n\n\n\nH1  Available\nUnderground BEVs; surface battery trucks in validation; trolley  assist; power-agnostic platforms; fast static charging; battery swap\nCaterpillar, Komatsu, Liebherr, Fortescue Zero, XCMG, Epiroc,  Sandvik, Rio Tinto/SPIC, Boliden\n\n\nH2   Evolving\nDynamic  in-motion charging at scale; autonomous and electric integration; renewable  microgrids; charging standards; next-gen battery / lower-cost chemistries\nBluVein,  Caterpillar (DET), Fortescue/Liebherr AHS, GMG, ARENA\n\n\nH3   Emerging\nSolid-state / advanced battery chemistries; AI fleet energy  orchestration and V2G; continuous haulage (IPCC, electric rail); niche  hydrogen; cross-OEM charging corridors\nOEMs, research institutions, METS innovators, energy providers\n\n\nTop of Mind for Mining Executives\nExecutives are no longer debating whether to electrify heavy haulage, but how to sequence it without stranding capital or compromising production. Several themes dominate the agenda.\n\nThe duty-cycle and energy-transfer problem is the central engineering and commercial challenge. A diesel truck refuels in minutes; a battery truck must recover megawatt-hours without sacrificing availability. Three competing answers are now in live trials. No single answer has won; technical considerations, mine geometry, haul profile and operating schedule will determine the mix.\n\nFast static charging is advancing rapidly. Fortescue has demonstrated a robotic charger capable of up to 6 MW, charging a 240-tonne T 264 in around 30 minutes.5 \n\nBattery swap removes the truck from the energy transfer equation entirely, exchanging depleted packs for charged ones, an approach China has industrialised and that Rio Tinto is now validating at surface scale at Oyu Tolgoi.6 \n\nDynamic (in-motion) charging is the modern evolution of trolley assist keeping trucks charging while they work. \n\n\n\nCapital intensity, fleet-renewal timing and stranded-asset risk weigh heavily. Haul trucks are long-life assets, and a wrong technology decision locks in costs for a decade or more. This has made power-agnostic and modular platforms a defining commercial response: Komatsu's Power Agnostic 930E and Caterpillar's modular 793 platform both allow operators to buy a strong-performing diesel machine today and convert to battery, trolley assist or hydrogen as the economics and infrastructure mature - futureproofing the purchase rather than forcing an early all-or-nothing choice.10 11\n\nEnergy supply and infrastructure is the bottleneck the truck exposes. Electrified haulage is only as clean and as cheap as the electrons behind it, and at scale it imposes large new power demands on remote sites. Fortescue's response illustrates the magnitude: a green grid expected to cost more than US$6 billion, including a 680 MW solar farm and a roughly 650 MWh grid battery, targeting full electricity decarbonisation as early as 2028.5 Charging infrastructure and grid connection, not the vehicles, increasingly set the pace of deployment.\n\nPolicy and operating economics, particularly Australia's diesel fuel tax credit, are a live and contested driver. Some analysts argue the rebate, estimated at around A$5 billion a year to mining, works directly against the Safeguard Mechanism's carbon signal by lowering the cost of remaining on diesel.12 Proposals to cap the rebate (for example at A$50 million per company) or to make it conditional on verifiable decarbonisation are actively debated, with reform repeatedly entangled in fuel-security politics.13 14 The eventual settlement could influence electrification timelines by years.\n\nThe hydrogen reality check has also reshaped strategy. Hydrogen fuel-cell haulage was a serious contender as recently as 2023, but the collapse of First Mode into Chapter 11 in December 2024, after Anglo American withdrew funding, with assets later acquired by Cummins, alongside a wider wave of hydrogen-transport bankruptcies, has cooled enthusiasm sharply 15 16. Battery-electric solutions are now the clear near-term frontrunner, with hydrogen retained as a longer-term consideration for niche ultra-long-range transport or infrastructure-constrained applications.\n\nSupply-chain concentration and OEM dependence are prompting dual-sourcing strategies. Fortescue's decision to add China's XCMG alongside Liebherr for its future 240-tonne fleet, splitting an order of 300 - 400 trucks reflects both a desire to diversify supply and the reality that China leads in deployed electric haulage volume and battery manufacturing.9 17\n\n\nInnovations Horizon 1 (Available)\nThe near-term horizon is no longer about technology feasibility - it is about validated deployment, infrastructure and operational learning. Several solution classes are commercially available or in advanced on-site validation now.\n\nUnderground battery-electric equipment is mature. Battery-electric loaders, trucks and ancillary machines are in routine commercial use, where eliminating diesel particulates delivers immediate safety and ventilation savings. Epiroc, Sandvik, Normet, Scania and Caterpillar (e.g. the R1700 XE load-haul-dump unit) all field battery-electric underground fleets, with modular battery configurations scaling toward longer ranges.3 9\n\nSurface battery-electric haul trucks have entered customer validation. Caterpillar's 793 XE Early Learner battery trucks are being tested at customer sites, including BHP's Jimblebar mine through a BHP-RioTinto-Caterpillar collaboration.4 18 Fortescue, working with Liebherr and Fortescue Zero, has integrated its production-series battery system into a 240-tonne T 264 and is validating it in the Pilbara, with XCMG contracted to supply a parallel 240-tonne fleet.5 17\n\nTrolley assist is a proven, lowest-risk lever. Overhead diesel-electric trolley systems have decades of operational history on graded surface hauls and remain the most immediately deployable way to cut haulage diesel. Boliden's Aitik copper mine in Sweden is trialling Komatsu's first Power Agnostic 930E in a diesel-trolley configuration, combining a familiar technology with a futureproofed platform.10 19 In July 2024, BHP submitted an Environmental Impact Statement to advance its “Mining Truck Electrification System in Escondida Norte\" project, by means of a trolley system.26\n\nPower-agnostic, modular platforms de-risk the purchase decision. Komatsu's 930E and Caterpillar's modular 793 enable operators to start on diesel and migrate to battery, dynamic charging or hydrogen later, decoupling the fleet-renewal decision from an irreversible technology pathway.10 11\n\nFast static charging is being demonstrated at production power levels, exemplified by Fortescue's robotic 6 MW charger and energy-management system that coordinates charge assignments to avoid queuing.5\n\nBattery swap is moving from China's domestic fleets to global majors, with Rio Tinto and State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC) Qiyuan running eight 91-tonne swap trucks supported by static chargers and a bank of batteries at Oyu Tolgoi through 2026. 6\n\n\nInnovations Horizon 2 (Evolving)\nThe medium horizon is defined by solving energy transfer at fleet scale, fusing electrification with autonomy, and building the standards and infrastructure for system-level deployment.\n\nDynamic in-motion charging matures toward commercial scale. BluVein's “hammer-and-rail” slotted electric rail, an enclosed, safety-engineered successor to conventional trolley, is advancing with A$9 million in ARENA support. A 40-60 tonne underground prototype (BluVein1, est. 1 MW) is now in testing on a retrofitted Epiroc MT42, with the higher-capacity BluVeinXL (est. 8 MW) targeting ultra-class surface trucks; the company is targeting TRL 7 by the end of 2026 and a mine-site trial in 2027.20 21 22 Caterpillar's Dynamic Energy Transfer (DET) offers an OEM-integrated alternative that energises battery and diesel-electric trucks in motion.23\n\nAutonomous and battery-electric fleets converge. Fortescue and Liebherr are jointly deploying an Autonomous Haulage Solution across a fleet of roughly 360 battery-electric trucks, with all units arriving “autonomy-ready”; the integration of energy management with autonomous dispatch could be a template for the next decade.9 17\n\nLarge-scale fleet conversion paired with renewable microgrids becomes standard practice, as miners co-locate solar, wind and large-scale storage with charging infrastructure to underpin “real-zero” haulage ambitions toward 2030.5\n\nCharging interoperability and standards emerge as critical enablers, with bodies such as the Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG) and OEM-agnostic providers pushing toward common interfaces so mixed fleets and dynamic-charging corridors can scale without proprietary constraints.20\n\nNext-generation and lower-cost chemistries. Improved lithium iron phosphate, sodium-ion for cost-sensitive duty, and automated battery-swap standardisation - extend range, lower capital cost and improve the duty-cycle economics that determine viability.\n\n\nInnovations Horizon 3 (Emerging)\nThe long horizon points toward step-changes in energy storage, system-level orchestration, and a rethink of whether trucking is even the right answer for moving material.\n\nSolid-state and advanced chemistries promise an energy-density leap that could shrink battery mass, extend range and ease the duty-cycle constraints that today dictate charging strategy, though commercialisation timing remains uncertain.\n\nFully autonomous, AI-orchestrated electric ecosystems will manage energy as a fleet-level resource, dynamically routing trucks, sequencing charging, integrating regenerative braking on descents, and potentially feeding energy back to site microgrids (vehicle-to-grid).\n\nMaterial movement reimagined beyond the truck. In-pit crushing and conveying, and electrified or regenerative rail, exemplified by concepts such as battery-electric “infinity” trains that recharge through regenerative braking on loaded descents, could displace significant truck haulage entirely, attacking the emissions and cost problem at its structural root.\n\nHydrogen retained for the hardest niches. Should green hydrogen economics improve, fuel cells may yet serve ultra-class, very-long-range or infrastructure-constrained operations where battery charging is impractical. It is anticipated that hydrogen will play a targeted role rather than the broad solution once envisaged.15\n\nStandardised cross-OEM dynamic-charging corridors and continental-scale interoperability could allow mixed fleets to operate seamlessly across sites, much as a common rail gauge unlocked rail networks.\n\n\nCase Study - Models to accelerate advanced technology adoption\nThe defining lesson of haulage electrification is that no single operator or solution provider, however large, can de-risk it alone. The capital, the OEM development cost, the infrastructure and the operational uncertainty are too great. The most striking recent example is the December 2025 collaboration between BHP, Rio Tinto and Caterpillar to jointly trial the first Cat 793 XE battery-electric trucks at BHP's Jimblebar mine in the Pilbara.4 That two fierce competitors would share a trial site, supply chain and learnings is itself the innovation: it spreads risk, accelerates real-world validation, and signals demand clearly enough for an OEM to commit to ruggedised, production-intent designs.\nThis builds on a lineage of pre-competitive collaboration models worth emulating:\n\nThe Charge On Innovation Challenge - convened by Austmine with BHP, Rio Tinto and more than twenty other miners used an open, technology-agnostic challenge to crowdsource solutions to the haul-truck charging problem, shortlisting finalists across fast charging, dynamic charging and battery swap, and provided a blueprint for “X-Prize” style open innovation model in mining.3\n\nThe Electric Mine Consortium brought operators and METS firms together across working groups spanning mine design, energy storage, infrastructure and heavy haulage, tackling the system-level re-engineering that individual technology bets cannot.3\n\nFortescue's open ecosystem spanning Liebherr, XCMG, Fortescue Zero and R&D hubs across three continents pairs dual-supplier resilience with a deliberate public posture: that the green solutions exist and the missing ingredient is leadership and demand aggregation. 9 17\n\n\nThe common thread across these examples is risk-sharing: miners aggregating demand to give OEMs confidence to invest, OEMs co-developing with operators rather than in isolation, and governments and METS innovators closing the gap on infrastructure and standards. For smaller producers, this can offer a compelling entry point: by joining consortia and pooling demand with larger players, they can access the same de-risked technologies and OEM commitments that no mid-tier operator could unlock alone.\nThe Pulse of Policymakers\nPolicymakers hold powerful levers over the pace of haulage electrification and Australia's settings are currently sending mixed signals. The Safeguard Mechanism imposes declining emissions baselines on large facilities and is the principal regulatory driver, with a statutory review due in 2026-27.12 Yet it pulls against the Fuel Tax Credit (diesel rebate), which independent analysts estimate channels around A$5 billion a year to mining and arguably reduces the financial incentive to switch away from diesel.12 \nReform proposals, capping the rebate, or converting it into a conditional “transition” incentive contingent on deploying battery-electric fleets or renewable energy are live in the policy debate, though repeatedly deferred amid fuel-security and budget sensitivities.13 14 Australia's emissions projections already credit trolley assist and fuel-switching with material future reductions, underscoring how directly policy assumptions and technology adoption are linked.24\nDirect funding instruments are doing meaningful work. The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), through its Industrial Transformation Stream, awarded A$9 million to BluVein to trial dynamic charging, precisely the kind of de-risking grant that moves first-of-a-kind technologies toward commercialisation.21 22\nPolicy is not the only lever; the industry is also organising collectively to mitigate diesel. The ICMM's Innovation for Cleaner, Safer Vehicles (ICSV) initiative, launched in 2018, brings its member companies (that represent roughly a third of the global mining and metals industry) together with major OEMs and technology suppliers to accelerate zero-emission haulage. Crucially, it operates as a pre-competitive, anti-trust-safe forum in which companies collaborate with direct competitors to pool research, share operational data and de-risk pilots and trials, with a heavy emphasis on interoperability across machine and charging systems so that solutions work irrespective of manufacturer. That collective effort has already pulled forward expectations: zero-emission haul trucks are now anticipated at scale by 2030, roughly a decade ahead of the initiative's original estimates.2 25\nInternationally, China leads on deployment, supported by government incentives and a domestic battery supply chain; the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act and shifting US policy frameworks shape both demand for the minerals these fleets help produce and the incentives for low-emission operations. Across jurisdictions, the highest-leverage policy moves are aligning economic signals (carbon pricing versus fuel subsidies), funding first-of-a-kind demonstrations, accelerating grid connection and renewable approvals, and supporting pre-competitive standards bodies so that charging interfaces and dynamic-charging systems are interoperable rather than fragmented. Workforce reskilling and transition for diesel-trades roles round out the agenda.\nConclusion\nHaulage electrification has reached its tipping point. The period spanning 2025 and 2026 will be remembered as the moment heavy-haulage electrification crossed from prototype to validated, on-site deployment - battery trucks under test in the Pilbara, battery swap proven at surface in Mongolia, dynamic charging funded toward commercialisation, and power-agnostic platforms giving operators a way to move without betting the fleet.\nThere will be no single winning pathway. The realistic strategy is a portfolio: battery-electric for the growing range of viable duty cycles; trolley assist as the proven, low-risk diesel-displacement lever today; static fast charge, battery swap and dynamic charging matched to mine geometry; power-agnostic platforms to hedge timing risk; and selective hydrogen or continuous-haulage alternatives reserved for the hardest cases. The decisive constraints have shifted from the truck to the “system”, that includes renewable energy supply, charging infrastructure, grid connection, capital timing and policy clarity.\nThe implications for industry leaders are concrete. Align fleet renewal with decarbonisation so each replacement cycle moves the fleet forward rather than locking in diesel. Invest early in renewable generation and charging infrastructure, because these elements, not the vehicles, increasingly gate deployment. Hedge technology risk through power-agnostic procurement. And collaborate pre-competitively to aggregate demand and share the cost of de-risking. Above all, watch the policy settings: a single change to the diesel rebate could reset the economics of the entire transition.\nThe miners who treat haulage electrification as a system-level transformation, not a vehicle-procurement decision, will move first, move cheaper, and define how the world's critical and strategic minerals, like copper are moving to a low carbon future.\nAbout\nConnectOre is an industry-wide collaboration to unlock innovation, advance responsible practices, and tackle mining industry challenges that are beyond the scope of any single organisation.\nGet Involved\nhttps://connectore.org/\n**\n**\nSources\n1  Collaboration for Innovation: Accelerating the Implementation of Zero Emission Vehicles for the Mining and Metals Industry, 2022.\n2  The Art of the Possible: How collaboration is driving the transformation of large haul truck fleets, 2024.\n3  International Copper Association Australia (ICAA), Material Movement Report, 2022.\n4  BHP and Rio Tinto welcome first Caterpillar battery-electric haul trucks to the Pilbara, Mining.com, 5 December 2025.\n5  Fortescue fits out first 240-tonne electric haul truck and rolls out first 6 MW fast charger, The Driven, May 2026.\n6  Rio Tinto and SPIC launch battery swap truck trial fleet at Oyu Tolgoi, Rio Tinto, BusinessWire, 27 October 2025.\n7  Mining Truck Industry Report 2026-2035, ResearchAndMarkets, GlobeNewswire, February 2026.\n8  Dump Trucks and Mining Trucks Market Analysis, Mordor Intelligence, 2026.\n9  Electric Vehicles for Construction, Agriculture and Mining Market Report, Business Research Insights, 2025.\n10  Komatsu tests power-agnostic mining truck at Boliden's Aitik mine, Plant & Equipment, 2025.\n11  Caterpillar affirms large mining truck product line commitment through energy transition - Mining.com, September 2024.\n12  Cutting Australian mining's diesel emissions - IEEFA, January 2026.\n13  Australia's Mining Fuel Tax Credits Debate - Discovery Alert, 2026.\n14  Transition Tax Incentive: Reforming Fuel Tax Credits into a Decarbonisation Tailwind - Climate Energy Finance, August 2025.\n15  First Mode files for bankruptcy - GeekWire, December 2024.\n16  Cummins acquires First Mode in bankruptcy sale - E&MJ, February 2025.\n17  Fortescue signs decarb-focused agreements as it rejigs battery-electric truck build plans - International Mining, September 2025.\n18  Cat 793 XE Early Learner battery electric trucks begin testing and validation, Caterpillar, September 2024.\n19  Komatsu introduces first Power Agnostic 930E truck, International Mining, September 2024.\n20  BluVein dynamic charging testing moves up a gear, International Mining, March 2026.\n21  First of its kind charging solution for heavy mining vehicles, ARENA, 2025.\n22  ARENA backs A$9M charging tech trial to cut mining emissions, Australian Manufacturing, August 2025.\n23  Caterpillar introduces Dynamic Energy Transfer solution, Caterpillar, September 2024.\n24  Australia's Emissions Projections 2025, DCCEEW.\n25  Innovation for Cleaner, Safer Vehicles (ICSV), ICMM,\n26  BHP initiates environmental processing to implement a truck transportation system based on an electric trolley, Escondida, BHP, July 2024.\n","text":"## Introduction\n\nMaterial movement is at the heart of every mine, and often its single largest source of emissions. Diesel-burning haul fleets typically account for a substantial share of an open-cut mine's Scope 1 emissions: the ICMM puts diesel-powered mining vehicles at anywhere from 30 to 80 percent of direct emissions at a mine site depending on geography and commodity, with haul trucks alone typically driving 30 to 50 percent.[1](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2022/accelerating-implementation-of-zero-emission-vehicles) [2](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2024/art-of-the-possible) Haulage is therefore where decarbonisation and cost discipline converge most forcefully. While electricity to run a battery-electric truck is estimated at around one-third the cost of equivalent diesel, that operating advantage is unlocked only through significant upfront capital: new fleets, charging infrastructure and grid connections.[3](https://copper.com.au/about/projects/roadmap-to-zero/zero-emission-copper-mine-of-the-future-material-movement-report/)\n\nFor most of the past decade, electrified heavy haulage lived in the world of prototypes and proving grounds. That era is closing. In December 2025 the first Caterpillar 793 XE battery-electric “Early Learner” trucks arrived at BHP's Jimblebar iron ore mine in the Pilbara for onsite testing in an industry first collaboration with Rio Tinto and Caterpillar.[4](https://www.mining.com/battery-electric-trucks-hit-pilbara-in-joint-bhp-rio-tinto-test/) Fortescue commenced on-site validation of its 240-tonne Liebherr T 264 battery-electric truck integrated with a Fortescue Zero power system and a 6 MW fast charger across the same period.[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/) Rio Tinto launched its first surface battery-swap trial fleet at the Oyu Tolgoi copper mine in October 2025.[6](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000863064/000086306425000020/ex15d27chinabatteryswap_.htm) The technology has, in short, moved beyond the laboratory.\n\nThe market reflects this transition's measured but unmistakable momentum. The broader mining truck market is valued at roughly US$31-33 billion in 2025-26 and is forecast to grow at around 6 percent annually toward US$42 billion by 2030.[7](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/02/26/3245321/0/en/Mining-Truck-Industry-Report-2026-2035-A-42-14-Billion-Market-by-2030.html) Diesel still commands the overwhelming majority of demand, about 71 percent in 2025, but battery-electric platforms are a fast-growing segment, posting double-digit compound growth, and 2025 saw electric haul-truck deployments (across construction, mining and agriculture) expand by an estimated 37 percent year-on-year.[8](https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/dump-truck-and-mining-truck-market) [9](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461) This is a slow-burn structural shift, not a sudden displacement.\n\nWhat makes haulage electrification strategically distinct is that the hardest problems are no longer in the truck. Battery chemistry, electric drivetrains and OEM platforms have matured. The binding constraints have migrated to the “system”: how to keep a truck productive across a duty cycle, how to deliver megawatts of charging without queuing, how to source the renewable energy and grid capacity behind it, how to time fleet renewal against asset lives measured in decades, and how policy either accelerates or stalls the business case. Navigating these requires coordinated action across miners, OEMs, METS innovators, energy providers, government and research - and an honest reckoning with which pathways are real today versus aspirational.\n\n## Haulage electrification at a glance\n\nTechnology readiness across innovation horizons: battery-electric and trolley solutions lead near-term deployment, dynamic charging and autonomy define the medium term, while advanced chemistries and continuous-haulage concepts remain emerging.\n\n\n\n| **Horizon**           | **Leading technologies**                                     | **Representative players**                                   |\n| --------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |\n| **H1**  **Available** | Underground BEVs; surface battery trucks in validation; trolley  assist; power-agnostic platforms; fast static charging; battery swap | Caterpillar, Komatsu, Liebherr, Fortescue Zero, XCMG, Epiroc,  Sandvik, Rio Tinto/SPIC, Boliden |\n| **H2**   **Evolving** | Dynamic  in-motion charging at scale; autonomous and electric integration; renewable  microgrids; charging standards; next-gen battery / lower-cost chemistries | BluVein,  Caterpillar (DET), Fortescue/Liebherr AHS, GMG, ARENA |\n| **H3**   **Emerging** | Solid-state / advanced battery chemistries; AI fleet energy  orchestration and V2G; continuous haulage (IPCC, electric rail); niche  hydrogen; cross-OEM charging corridors | OEMs, research institutions, METS innovators, energy providers |\n\n## Top of Mind for Mining Executives\n\nExecutives are no longer debating whether to electrify heavy haulage, but how to sequence it without stranding capital or compromising production. Several themes dominate the agenda.\n\n- **The duty-cycle and energy-transfer problem** is the central engineering and commercial challenge. A diesel truck refuels in minutes; a battery truck must recover megawatt-hours without sacrificing availability. Three competing answers are now in live trials. No single answer has won; technical considerations, mine geometry, haul profile and operating schedule will determine the mix.\n  - **Fast static charging** is advancing rapidly. Fortescue has demonstrated a robotic charger capable of up to 6 MW, charging a 240-tonne T 264 in around 30 minutes.[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/) \n\n  - **Battery swap** removes the truck from the energy transfer equation entirely, exchanging depleted packs for charged ones, an approach China has industrialised and that Rio Tinto is now validating at surface scale at Oyu Tolgoi.[6](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000863064/000086306425000020/ex15d27chinabatteryswap_.htm) \n\n  - **Dynamic (in-motion) charging** is the modern evolution of trolley assist keeping trucks charging while they work. \n\n- **Capital intensity, fleet-renewal timing and stranded-asset risk** weigh heavily. Haul trucks are long-life assets, and a wrong technology decision locks in costs for a decade or more. This has made power-agnostic and modular platforms a defining commercial response: Komatsu's Power Agnostic 930E and Caterpillar's modular 793 platform both allow operators to buy a strong-performing diesel machine today and convert to battery, trolley assist or hydrogen as the economics and infrastructure mature - futureproofing the purchase rather than forcing an early all-or-nothing choice.[10](https://www.plantandequipment.com/news/mining/komatsu-commissions-first-power-agnostic-truck-at-boliden-s-aitik-mine) [11](https://www.mining.com/web/caterpillar-affirms-large-mining-truck-product-line-commitment-through-energy-transition/)\n\n- **Energy supply and infrastructure** is the bottleneck the truck exposes. Electrified haulage is only as clean and as cheap as the electrons behind it, and at scale it imposes large new power demands on remote sites. Fortescue's response illustrates the magnitude: a green grid expected to cost more than US$6 billion, including a 680 MW solar farm and a roughly 650 MWh grid battery, targeting full electricity decarbonisation as early as 2028.[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/) Charging infrastructure and grid connection, not the vehicles, increasingly set the pace of deployment.\n\n- **Policy and operating economics**, particularly Australia's diesel fuel tax credit, are a live and contested driver. Some analysts argue the rebate, estimated at around A$5 billion a year to mining, works directly against the Safeguard Mechanism's carbon signal by lowering the cost of remaining on diesel.[12](https://ieefa.org/resources/cutting-australian-minings-diesel-emissions) Proposals to cap the rebate (for example at A$50 million per company) or to make it conditional on verifiable decarbonisation are actively debated, with reform repeatedly entangled in fuel-security politics.[13](https://discoveryalert.com.au/mining-fuel-tax-credits-australia-diesel-tax-debate-2026/) [14](http://climateenergyfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CEF_Transition-Tax-Incentive-Report-FINAL_20August2025.pdf) The eventual settlement could influence electrification timelines by years.\n\n- **The hydrogen reality check** has also reshaped strategy. Hydrogen fuel-cell haulage was a serious contender as recently as 2023, but the collapse of First Mode into Chapter 11 in December 2024, after Anglo American withdrew funding, with assets later acquired by Cummins, alongside a wider wave of hydrogen-transport bankruptcies, has cooled enthusiasm sharply [15](https://www.geekwire.com/2024/first-mode-files-for-bankruptcy-in-sudden-downfall-for-clean-trucking-company/) [16](https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/cummins-acquires-first-mode-in-bankruptcy-sale/). Battery-electric solutions are now the clear near-term frontrunner, with hydrogen retained as a longer-term consideration for niche ultra-long-range transport or infrastructure-constrained applications.\n\n- **Supply-chain concentration and OEM dependence** are prompting dual-sourcing strategies. Fortescue's decision to add China's XCMG alongside Liebherr for its future 240-tonne fleet, splitting an order of 300 - 400 trucks reflects both a desire to diversify supply and the reality that China leads in deployed electric haulage volume and battery manufacturing.[9](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461) [17](https://im-mining.com/2025/09/26/fortescue-signs-decarb-focused-agreements-as-it-rejigs-battery-electric-truck-build-plans/)\n\n## Innovations Horizon 1 (Available)\n\nThe near-term horizon is no longer about technology feasibility - it is about validated deployment, infrastructure and operational learning. Several solution classes are commercially available or in advanced on-site validation now.\n\n- **Underground battery-electric equipment is mature.** Battery-electric loaders, trucks and ancillary machines are in routine commercial use, where eliminating diesel particulates delivers immediate safety and ventilation savings. Epiroc, Sandvik, Normet, Scania and Caterpillar (e.g. the R1700 XE load-haul-dump unit) all field battery-electric underground fleets, with modular battery configurations scaling toward longer ranges.[3](https://copper.com.au/about/projects/roadmap-to-zero/zero-emission-copper-mine-of-the-future-material-movement-report/) [9](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461)\n\n- **Surface battery-electric haul trucks have entered customer validation.** Caterpillar's 793 XE Early Learner battery trucks are being tested at customer sites, including BHP's Jimblebar mine through a BHP-RioTinto-Caterpillar collaboration.[4](https://www.mining.com/battery-electric-trucks-hit-pilbara-in-joint-bhp-rio-tinto-test/) [18](https://www.cat.com/en_US/news/machine-press-releases/cat-793-xe-early-learner-battery-electric-trucks-begin-validation.html) Fortescue, working with Liebherr and Fortescue Zero, has integrated its production-series battery system into a 240-tonne T 264 and is validating it in the Pilbara, with XCMG contracted to supply a parallel 240-tonne fleet.[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/) [17](https://im-mining.com/2025/09/26/fortescue-signs-decarb-focused-agreements-as-it-rejigs-battery-electric-truck-build-plans/)\n\n- **Trolley assist is a proven, lowest-risk lever.** Overhead diesel-electric trolley systems have decades of operational history on graded surface hauls and remain the most immediately deployable way to cut haulage diesel. Boliden's Aitik copper mine in Sweden is trialling Komatsu's first Power Agnostic 930E in a diesel-trolley configuration, combining a familiar technology with a futureproofed platform.[10](https://www.plantandequipment.com/news/mining/komatsu-commissions-first-power-agnostic-truck-at-boliden-s-aitik-mine) [19](https://im-mining.com/2024/09/24/komatsu-introduces-first-power-agnostic-930e-truck/) In July 2024, BHP submitted an Environmental Impact Statement to advance its “Mining Truck Electrification System in Escondida Norte\" project, by means of a trolley system.[26](https://www.bhp.com/news/media-centre/releases/2024/07/escondida-starts-environmental-processing-to-have-transportation-system-based-on-an-electric-trolley)\n\n- **Power-agnostic, modular platforms de-risk the purchase decision.** Komatsu's 930E and Caterpillar's modular 793 enable operators to start on diesel and migrate to battery, dynamic charging or hydrogen later, decoupling the fleet-renewal decision from an irreversible technology pathway.[10](https://www.plantandequipment.com/news/mining/komatsu-commissions-first-power-agnostic-truck-at-boliden-s-aitik-mine) [11](https://www.mining.com/web/caterpillar-affirms-large-mining-truck-product-line-commitment-through-energy-transition/)\n\n- **Fast static charging is being demonstrated at production power levels,** exemplified by Fortescue's robotic 6 MW charger and energy-management system that coordinates charge assignments to avoid queuing.[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/)\n\n- **Battery swap is moving from China's domestic fleets to global majors,** with Rio Tinto and State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC) Qiyuan running eight 91-tonne swap trucks supported by static chargers and a bank of batteries at Oyu Tolgoi through 2026. [6](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000863064/000086306425000020/ex15d27chinabatteryswap_.htm)\n\n## Innovations Horizon 2 (Evolving)\n\nThe medium horizon is defined by solving energy transfer at fleet scale, fusing electrification with autonomy, and building the standards and infrastructure for system-level deployment.\n\n- **Dynamic in-motion charging matures toward commercial scale.** BluVein's “hammer-and-rail” slotted electric rail, an enclosed, safety-engineered successor to conventional trolley, is advancing with A$9 million in ARENA support. A 40-60 tonne underground prototype (BluVein1, est. 1 MW) is now in testing on a retrofitted Epiroc MT42, with the higher-capacity BluVeinXL (est. 8 MW) targeting ultra-class surface trucks; the company is targeting TRL 7 by the end of 2026 and a mine-site trial in 2027.[20](https://im-mining.com/2026/03/17/bluvein-dynamic-charging-testing-moves-up-a-gear/) [21](https://arena.gov.au/news/first-of-its-kind-charging-solution-for-heavy-mining-vehicles/) [22](https://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/arena-backs-9m-charging-tech-trial-to-cut-mining-emissions/) Caterpillar's Dynamic Energy Transfer (DET) offers an OEM-integrated alternative that energises battery and diesel-electric trucks in motion.[23](https://www.caterpillar.com/en/news/corporate-press-releases/h/dynamic-energy-transfer-solution.html)\n\n- **Autonomous and battery-electric fleets converge.** Fortescue and Liebherr are jointly deploying an Autonomous Haulage Solution across a fleet of roughly 360 battery-electric trucks, with all units arriving “autonomy-ready”; the integration of energy management with autonomous dispatch could be a template for the next decade.[9](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461) [17](https://im-mining.com/2025/09/26/fortescue-signs-decarb-focused-agreements-as-it-rejigs-battery-electric-truck-build-plans/)\n\n- **Large-scale fleet conversion paired with renewable microgrids** becomes standard practice, as miners co-locate solar, wind and large-scale storage with charging infrastructure to underpin “real-zero” haulage ambitions toward 2030.[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/)\n\n- **Charging interoperability and standards** emerge as critical enablers, with bodies such as the Global Mining Guidelines Group (GMG) and OEM-agnostic providers pushing toward common interfaces so mixed fleets and dynamic-charging corridors can scale without proprietary constraints.[20](https://im-mining.com/2026/03/17/bluvein-dynamic-charging-testing-moves-up-a-gear/)\n\n- **Next-generation and lower-cost chemistries.** Improved lithium iron phosphate, sodium-ion for cost-sensitive duty, and automated battery-swap standardisation - extend range, lower capital cost and improve the duty-cycle economics that determine viability.\n\n## Innovations Horizon 3 (Emerging)\n\nThe long horizon points toward step-changes in energy storage, system-level orchestration, and a rethink of whether trucking is even the right answer for moving material.\n\n- **Solid-state and advanced chemistries** promise an energy-density leap that could shrink battery mass, extend range and ease the duty-cycle constraints that today dictate charging strategy, though commercialisation timing remains uncertain.\n\n- **Fully autonomous, AI-orchestrated electric ecosystems** will manage energy as a fleet-level resource, dynamically routing trucks, sequencing charging, integrating regenerative braking on descents, and potentially feeding energy back to site microgrids (vehicle-to-grid).\n\n- **Material movement reimagined beyond the truck.** In-pit crushing and conveying, and electrified or regenerative rail, exemplified by concepts such as battery-electric “infinity” trains that recharge through regenerative braking on loaded descents, could displace significant truck haulage entirely, attacking the emissions and cost problem at its structural root.\n\n- **Hydrogen retained for the hardest niches.** Should green hydrogen economics improve, fuel cells may yet serve ultra-class, very-long-range or infrastructure-constrained operations where battery charging is impractical. It is anticipated that hydrogen will play a targeted role rather than the broad solution once envisaged.[15](https://www.geekwire.com/2024/first-mode-files-for-bankruptcy-in-sudden-downfall-for-clean-trucking-company/)\n\n- **Standardised cross-OEM dynamic-charging corridors** and continental-scale interoperability could allow mixed fleets to operate seamlessly across sites, much as a common rail gauge unlocked rail networks.\n\n## Case Study - Models to accelerate advanced technology adoption\n\nThe defining lesson of haulage electrification is that no single operator or solution provider, however large, can de-risk it alone. The capital, the OEM development cost, the infrastructure and the operational uncertainty are too great. The most striking recent example is the December 2025 collaboration between BHP, Rio Tinto and Caterpillar to jointly trial the first Cat 793 XE battery-electric trucks at BHP's Jimblebar mine in the Pilbara.[4](https://www.mining.com/battery-electric-trucks-hit-pilbara-in-joint-bhp-rio-tinto-test/) That two fierce competitors would share a trial site, supply chain and learnings is itself the innovation: it spreads risk, accelerates real-world validation, and signals demand clearly enough for an OEM to commit to ruggedised, production-intent designs.\n\nThis builds on a lineage of pre-competitive collaboration models worth emulating:\n\n- **The Charge On Innovation Challenge** - convened by Austmine with BHP, Rio Tinto and more than twenty other miners used an open, technology-agnostic challenge to crowdsource solutions to the haul-truck charging problem, shortlisting finalists across fast charging, dynamic charging and battery swap, and provided a blueprint for “X-Prize” style open innovation model in mining.[3](https://copper.com.au/about/projects/roadmap-to-zero/zero-emission-copper-mine-of-the-future-material-movement-report/)\n\n- **The Electric Mine Consortium** brought operators and METS firms together across working groups spanning mine design, energy storage, infrastructure and heavy haulage, tackling the system-level re-engineering that individual technology bets cannot.[3](https://copper.com.au/about/projects/roadmap-to-zero/zero-emission-copper-mine-of-the-future-material-movement-report/)\n\n- **Fortescue's open ecosystem** spanning Liebherr, XCMG, Fortescue Zero and R&D hubs across three continents pairs dual-supplier resilience with a deliberate public posture: that the green solutions exist and the missing ingredient is leadership and demand aggregation. [9](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461) [17](https://im-mining.com/2025/09/26/fortescue-signs-decarb-focused-agreements-as-it-rejigs-battery-electric-truck-build-plans/)\n\nThe common thread across these examples is risk-sharing: miners aggregating demand to give OEMs confidence to invest, OEMs co-developing with operators rather than in isolation, and governments and METS innovators closing the gap on infrastructure and standards. For smaller producers, this can offer a compelling entry point: by joining consortia and pooling demand with larger players, they can access the same de-risked technologies and OEM commitments that no mid-tier operator could unlock alone.\n\n## The Pulse of Policymakers\n\nPolicymakers hold powerful levers over the pace of haulage electrification and Australia's settings are currently sending mixed signals. The Safeguard Mechanism imposes declining emissions baselines on large facilities and is the principal regulatory driver, with a statutory review due in 2026-27.[12](https://ieefa.org/resources/cutting-australian-minings-diesel-emissions) Yet it pulls against the Fuel Tax Credit (diesel rebate), which independent analysts estimate channels around A$5 billion a year to mining and arguably reduces the financial incentive to switch away from diesel.[12](https://ieefa.org/resources/cutting-australian-minings-diesel-emissions) \n\nReform proposals, capping the rebate, or converting it into a conditional “transition” incentive contingent on deploying battery-electric fleets or renewable energy are live in the policy debate, though repeatedly deferred amid fuel-security and budget sensitivities.[13](https://discoveryalert.com.au/mining-fuel-tax-credits-australia-diesel-tax-debate-2026/) [14](http://climateenergyfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CEF_Transition-Tax-Incentive-Report-FINAL_20August2025.pdf) Australia's emissions projections already credit trolley assist and fuel-switching with material future reductions, underscoring how directly policy assumptions and technology adoption are linked.[24](https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/australias-emissions-projections-2025.pdf)\n\nDirect funding instruments are doing meaningful work. The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), through its Industrial Transformation Stream, awarded A$9 million to BluVein to trial dynamic charging, precisely the kind of de-risking grant that moves first-of-a-kind technologies toward commercialisation.[21](https://arena.gov.au/news/first-of-its-kind-charging-solution-for-heavy-mining-vehicles/) [22](https://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/arena-backs-9m-charging-tech-trial-to-cut-mining-emissions/)\n\nPolicy is not the only lever; the industry is also organising collectively to mitigate diesel. The ICMM's Innovation for Cleaner, Safer Vehicles (ICSV) initiative, launched in 2018, brings its member companies (that represent roughly a third of the global mining and metals industry) together with major OEMs and technology suppliers to accelerate zero-emission haulage. Crucially, it operates as a pre-competitive, anti-trust-safe forum in which companies collaborate with direct competitors to pool research, share operational data and de-risk pilots and trials, with a heavy emphasis on interoperability across machine and charging systems so that solutions work irrespective of manufacturer. That collective effort has already pulled forward expectations: zero-emission haul trucks are now anticipated at scale by 2030, roughly a decade ahead of the initiative's original estimates.[2](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2024/art-of-the-possible) [25](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/our-work/cleaner-safer-vehicles)\n\nInternationally, China leads on deployment, supported by government incentives and a domestic battery supply chain; the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act and shifting US policy frameworks shape both demand for the minerals these fleets help produce and the incentives for low-emission operations. Across jurisdictions, the highest-leverage policy moves are aligning economic signals (carbon pricing versus fuel subsidies), funding first-of-a-kind demonstrations, accelerating grid connection and renewable approvals, and supporting pre-competitive standards bodies so that charging interfaces and dynamic-charging systems are interoperable rather than fragmented. Workforce reskilling and transition for diesel-trades roles round out the agenda.\n\n## Conclusion\n\nHaulage electrification has reached its tipping point. The period spanning 2025 and 2026 will be remembered as the moment heavy-haulage electrification crossed from prototype to validated, on-site deployment - battery trucks under test in the Pilbara, battery swap proven at surface in Mongolia, dynamic charging funded toward commercialisation, and power-agnostic platforms giving operators a way to move without betting the fleet.\n\nThere will be no single winning pathway. The realistic strategy is a portfolio: battery-electric for the growing range of viable duty cycles; trolley assist as the proven, low-risk diesel-displacement lever today; static fast charge, battery swap and dynamic charging matched to mine geometry; power-agnostic platforms to hedge timing risk; and selective hydrogen or continuous-haulage alternatives reserved for the hardest cases. The decisive constraints have shifted from the truck to the “system”, that includes renewable energy supply, charging infrastructure, grid connection, capital timing and policy clarity.\n\nThe implications for industry leaders are concrete. Align fleet renewal with decarbonisation so each replacement cycle moves the fleet forward rather than locking in diesel. Invest early in renewable generation and charging infrastructure, because these elements, not the vehicles, increasingly gate deployment. Hedge technology risk through power-agnostic procurement. And collaborate pre-competitively to aggregate demand and share the cost of de-risking. Above all, watch the policy settings: a single change to the diesel rebate could reset the economics of the entire transition.\n\nThe miners who treat haulage electrification as a system-level transformation, not a vehicle-procurement decision, will move first, move cheaper, and define how the world's critical and strategic minerals, like copper are moving to a low carbon future.\n\n## About\n\nConnectOre is an industry-wide collaboration to unlock innovation, advance responsible practices, and tackle mining industry challenges that are beyond the scope of any single organisation.\n\n**Get Involved**\n\nhttps://connectore.org/\n\n \n\n**\n**\n\n \n\n## **Sources**\n\n[1](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2022/accelerating-implementation-of-zero-emission-vehicles)  [Collaboration for Innovation: Accelerating the Implementation of Zero Emission Vehicles for the Mining and Metals Industry](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2022/accelerating-implementation-of-zero-emission-vehicles), 2022.\n\n[2](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2024/art-of-the-possible)  [The Art of the Possible: How collaboration is driving the transformation of large haul truck fleets](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/stories/2024/art-of-the-possible), 2024.\n\n[3](https://copper.com.au/about/projects/roadmap-to-zero/zero-emission-copper-mine-of-the-future-material-movement-report/)  International Copper Association Australia (ICAA), [Material Movement Report](https://copper.com.au/about/projects/roadmap-to-zero/zero-emission-copper-mine-of-the-future-material-movement-report/), 2022.\n\n[4](https://www.mining.com/battery-electric-trucks-hit-pilbara-in-joint-bhp-rio-tinto-test/)  [BHP and Rio Tinto welcome first Caterpillar battery-electric haul trucks to the Pilbara](https://www.mining.com/battery-electric-trucks-hit-pilbara-in-joint-bhp-rio-tinto-test/), Mining.com, 5 December 2025.\n\n[5](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/)  [Fortescue fits out first 240-tonne electric haul truck and rolls out first 6 MW fast charger](https://thedriven.io/2026/05/25/fortescue-fits-out-first-240-tonne-electric-haul-truck-and-rolls-out-first-6-mw-fast-charger/), The Driven, May 2026.\n\n[6](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000863064/000086306425000020/ex15d27chinabatteryswap_.htm)  [Rio Tinto and SPIC launch battery swap truck trial fleet at Oyu Tolgoi](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000863064/000086306425000020/ex15d27chinabatteryswap_.htm), Rio Tinto, BusinessWire, 27 October 2025.\n\n[7](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/02/26/3245321/0/en/Mining-Truck-Industry-Report-2026-2035-A-42-14-Billion-Market-by-2030.html)  [Mining Truck Industry Report 2026-2035](https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/02/26/3245321/0/en/Mining-Truck-Industry-Report-2026-2035-A-42-14-Billion-Market-by-2030.html), ResearchAndMarkets, GlobeNewswire, February 2026.\n\n[8](https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/dump-truck-and-mining-truck-market)  [Dump Trucks and Mining Trucks Market Analysis](https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/dump-truck-and-mining-truck-market), Mordor Intelligence, 2026.\n\n[9](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461)  [Electric Vehicles for Construction, Agriculture and Mining Market Report](https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/electric-vehicles-for-construction-agriculture-and-mining-market-128461), Business Research Insights, 2025.\n\n[10](https://www.plantandequipment.com/news/mining/komatsu-commissions-first-power-agnostic-truck-at-boliden-s-aitik-mine)  [Komatsu tests power-agnostic mining truck at Boliden's Aitik mine](https://www.plantandequipment.com/news/mining/komatsu-commissions-first-power-agnostic-truck-at-boliden-s-aitik-mine), Plant & Equipment, 2025.\n\n[11](https://www.mining.com/web/caterpillar-affirms-large-mining-truck-product-line-commitment-through-energy-transition/)  [Caterpillar affirms large mining truck product line commitment through energy transition](https://www.mining.com/web/caterpillar-affirms-large-mining-truck-product-line-commitment-through-energy-transition/) - Mining.com, September 2024.\n\n[12](https://ieefa.org/resources/cutting-australian-minings-diesel-emissions)  [Cutting Australian mining's diesel emissions](https://ieefa.org/resources/cutting-australian-minings-diesel-emissions) - IEEFA, January 2026.\n\n[13](https://discoveryalert.com.au/mining-fuel-tax-credits-australia-diesel-tax-debate-2026/)  [Australia's Mining Fuel Tax Credits Debate](https://discoveryalert.com.au/mining-fuel-tax-credits-australia-diesel-tax-debate-2026/) - Discovery Alert, 2026.\n\n[14](http://climateenergyfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CEF_Transition-Tax-Incentive-Report-FINAL_20August2025.pdf)  [Transition Tax Incentive: Reforming Fuel Tax Credits into a Decarbonisation Tailwind](http://climateenergyfinance.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CEF_Transition-Tax-Incentive-Report-FINAL_20August2025.pdf) - Climate Energy Finance, August 2025.\n\n[15](https://www.geekwire.com/2024/first-mode-files-for-bankruptcy-in-sudden-downfall-for-clean-trucking-company/)  [First Mode files for bankruptcy](https://www.geekwire.com/2024/first-mode-files-for-bankruptcy-in-sudden-downfall-for-clean-trucking-company/) - GeekWire, December 2024.\n\n[16](https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/cummins-acquires-first-mode-in-bankruptcy-sale/)  [Cummins acquires First Mode in bankruptcy sale](https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/cummins-acquires-first-mode-in-bankruptcy-sale/) - E&MJ, February 2025.\n\n[17](https://im-mining.com/2025/09/26/fortescue-signs-decarb-focused-agreements-as-it-rejigs-battery-electric-truck-build-plans/)  [Fortescue signs decarb-focused agreements as it rejigs battery-electric truck build plans](https://im-mining.com/2025/09/26/fortescue-signs-decarb-focused-agreements-as-it-rejigs-battery-electric-truck-build-plans/) - International Mining, September 2025.\n\n[18](https://www.cat.com/en_US/news/machine-press-releases/cat-793-xe-early-learner-battery-electric-trucks-begin-validation.html)  [Cat 793 XE Early Learner battery electric trucks begin testing and validation](https://www.cat.com/en_US/news/machine-press-releases/cat-793-xe-early-learner-battery-electric-trucks-begin-validation.html), Caterpillar, September 2024.\n\n[19](https://im-mining.com/2024/09/24/komatsu-introduces-first-power-agnostic-930e-truck/)  [Komatsu introduces first Power Agnostic 930E truck](https://im-mining.com/2024/09/24/komatsu-introduces-first-power-agnostic-930e-truck/), International Mining, September 2024.\n\n[20](https://im-mining.com/2026/03/17/bluvein-dynamic-charging-testing-moves-up-a-gear/)  [BluVein dynamic charging testing moves up a gear](https://im-mining.com/2026/03/17/bluvein-dynamic-charging-testing-moves-up-a-gear/), International Mining, March 2026.\n\n[21](https://arena.gov.au/news/first-of-its-kind-charging-solution-for-heavy-mining-vehicles/)  [First of its kind charging solution for heavy mining vehicles](https://arena.gov.au/news/first-of-its-kind-charging-solution-for-heavy-mining-vehicles/), ARENA, 2025.\n\n[22](https://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/arena-backs-9m-charging-tech-trial-to-cut-mining-emissions/)  [ARENA backs A$9M charging tech trial to cut mining emissions](https://www.australianmanufacturing.com.au/arena-backs-9m-charging-tech-trial-to-cut-mining-emissions/), Australian Manufacturing, August 2025.\n\n[23](https://www.caterpillar.com/en/news/corporate-press-releases/h/dynamic-energy-transfer-solution.html)  [Caterpillar introduces Dynamic Energy Transfer solution](https://www.caterpillar.com/en/news/corporate-press-releases/h/dynamic-energy-transfer-solution.html), Caterpillar, September 2024.\n\n[24](https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/australias-emissions-projections-2025.pdf)  [Australia's Emissions Projections 2025](https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/australias-emissions-projections-2025.pdf), DCCEEW.\n\n[25](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/our-work/cleaner-safer-vehicles)  [Innovation for Cleaner, Safer Vehicles (ICSV)](https://www.icmm.com/en-gb/our-work/cleaner-safer-vehicles), ICMM,\n\n[26](https://www.bhp.com/news/media-centre/releases/2024/07/escondida-starts-environmental-processing-to-have-transportation-system-based-on-an-electric-trolley)  [BHP initiates environmental processing to implement a truck transportation system based on an electric trolley](https://www.bhp.com/news/media-centre/releases/2024/07/escondida-starts-environmental-processing-to-have-transportation-system-based-on-an-electric-trolley), Escondida, BHP, July 2024."},"openGraph":{"title":null,"description":{"plain":"A strategic briefing on the electrification of mine haulage: technologies, collaboration models, and the policy settings shaping the pace of change.\n"},"image":{"thumbnails":{"full":{"url":"https://res.cloudinary.com/shapeable/image/upload/v1781671941/copper-connect/banner/pulse-04-haulage-electrification_image__Pulse_04_Banner_gdesrh.webp"}}}},"intro":{"plain":"A strategic briefing on the electrification of mine haulage: technologies, collaboration models, and the policy settings shaping the pace of change.\n","text":"A strategic briefing on the electrification of mine haulage: technologies, collaboration models, and the policy settings shaping the pace of 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We want to ensure that you get the information, content, and experiences that matter most to you. ConnectOre is committed to protecting the privacy of its stakeholders, communities, and other contacts.\n\n## Scope\n\nThis privacy policy applies to all personal data processed by full-time and part-time employees, volunteers when acting on behalf of ConnectOre contractors and partners doing business on behalf of ConnectOre, as well as all legal entities, all operating locations in all countries, and all business processes conducted by ConnectOre.\n\n## Information Collected\n\n#### What information do we collect?\n\nConnectOre collects the following personal data in line with the use purposes explained in a subsequent section:\n\n  * Your name and contact details\n  * Online profile data/usage\n  * Contact information\n  * Social media profile information\n  * Education and professional information\n  * Registration and participation in ConnectOre events and activities \n  * Information about service usage\n  * Cookies\n  * Authentication data\n  * Location information\n  * Author and peer review information\n  * Other information you upload or provide to us\n\n#### How do we use your information?\n\nConnectOre uses (and, where specified, shares) your personal information for the following purposes:\n\n  * To provide support or other services. ConnectOre may use your personal information to provide you with support or other services that you have ordered or requested. ConnectOre may also use your personal information to respond directly to your requests for information, including registrations for webinars, or other specific requests, or pass your contact information to the appropriate ConnectOre supplier or reseller for further follow-up related to your interests.\n  * To provide information based on your needs and respond to your requests. ConnectOre may use your personal information to provide you with notices of new product releases and service developments.\n  * To administer products. ConnectOre may contact you if you make use of (digital) products we offer, to confirm certain information (for example, that you did not experience problems in a download process). We may also use this information to confirm compliance with licensing and other terms of use and may share it with your company/institution.\n  * To assist in your participation in ConnectOre activities. ConnectOre will communicate with you, if you are participating in certain ConnectOre activities such as ConnectOre Summit, authoring or reviewing a ConnectOre article, or ConnectOre humanitarian activities. ConnectOre may send you information such as update messages related to those activities (such as but not limited to the event's content, and event logistics)\n  * To update you on relevant ConnectOre events and opportunities. ConnectOre may communicate with you regarding relevant ConnectOre events and opportunities.\n  * To protect ConnectOre content and services. We may use your information to prevent potentially illegal activities and to enforce our terms and conditions.\n  * To get feedback or input from you. In order to deliver products and services of most interest to our stakeholders, from time to time, we may ask you to provide us input and feedback (for example through surveys).\n\n#### How can you control your information?\n\nYou can control the information we have about you and how we use as follows:\n\n  * If you are a registered guest for ConnectOre Annual Summit 2021, any request for review, revise or correction of your personal data can be sent to john.fennell@copper.com.au specifying your request.\n\n#### Personal data about minors and children\n\nConnectOre does not knowingly collect data from or about children under 16 without the permission of parent(s)/guardian(s). If we learn that we have collected personal information from a child under 16, we will delete that information as quickly as possible. If you believe that we might have any information from or about a child under age 16, please contact us.\n\n#### How will you know if the Privacy Policy is changed?\n\nConnectOre may update its Privacy Policy from time to time. If we make any material changes you will be notified by means of a notice on our website prior on the date the change becomes effective. We encourage you to periodically review this page for the latest information on our privacy practices.\n\n## Technical And Regulatory Information\n\n#### Logging practices\n\nConnectOre automatically records the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of visitors. The IP address is a unique number assigned to every computer on the internet. Generally, an IP address changes each time you connect to the internet (it is a \"dynamic\" address). Note, however, that if you have a broadband connection, depending on your individual circumstance, the IP address that we collect may contain information that could be deemed identifiable. This is because, with some broadband connections, your IP address doesn't change (it is \"static\") and could be associated with your personal computer.\n\nAs well as recording the IP addresses of users, ConnectOre may also keep track of sites that users visited immediately prior to visiting ConnectOre's website and the search terms they used to find it. We keep track of the pages visited on ConnectOre's website, the amount of time spent on those pages and the types of searches done on them. Your searches remain confidential and anonymous. ConnectOre uses this information only for statistical purposes to find out which pages users find most useful and to improve the website.\nConnectOre also captures and stores information that you transmit. This may include:\n\n  * Browser/Device type/version\n  * Operating system used\n  * Media Access Control (MAC) address\n  * Date and time of the server request\n  * Volume of data transferred\n\n#### External links behaviour\n\nSome of the links on ConnectOre's websites link to other sites created and maintained by other public- and/or private-sector organizations. ConnectOre provides these links solely for your information and convenience. When you transfer to an outside website, you are leaving ConnectOre domain, and ConnectOre's information management policies no longer apply. ConnectOre encourages you to read the privacy statement of each external website that you visit before you provide any personal data.\n\n#### Cookies and web beacons\n\nCookies and web beacons are electronic placeholders that are placed on your device by websites to track your individual movements on that website over time. ConnectOre uses both session-based cookies (which last only for the duration of the user's session) and persistent cookies (which remain on your device and provide information about the session you are in and waits for the next time you use that site again).\n\nThese cookies and web beacons provide useful information to ConnectOre, enabling us to recognize repeat users, facilitate the user's access to and use of our sites, allows us to track usage behavior, and to balance the usage of our websites on all ConnectOre web servers.\nTracking cookies, third-party cookies, and other technologies such as web beacons may be used to process additional information, enable non-core functionalities on ConnectOre website and enable third-party functions (such as a social media \"share\" link). We may also include web beacons and other similar technology in promotional email messages to determine whether the messages have been opened.\n\n#### Do Not Track (DNT)\n\nThe online advertising industry has self-regulatory initiatives designed to provide consumers a choice in the types of ads they may see online and to conveniently opt-out from online behavioral ads served by some or all of the companies participating in these programs. Our websites do not respond to DNT consumer browser settings.\n\n#### Responses to legal requests\n\nConnectOre reserves the right to share your information to respond to duly authorized information requests of governmental authorities or where required by law.\n\n#### Your data rights\n\nConnectOre complies with all applicable data privacy laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). 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